C# Language
Hash-Funktionen

Bemerkungen

MD5

Hash-Funktionen ordnen binäre Zeichenfolgen beliebiger Länge zu kleinen binären Zeichenfolgen fester Länge zu.

Der MD5 Algorithmus ist eine weit verbreitete Hash-Funktion, die einen 128-Bit-Hash-Wert (16 Bytes, 32 Hexdecimal-Zeichen) erzeugt.

Die ComputeHash Methode der System.Security.Cryptography.MD5 Klasse gibt den Hash als Array von 16 Byte zurück.

Beispiel:

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

internal class Program
{
    private static void Main()
    {
        var source = "Hello World!";

        // Creates an instance of the default implementation of the MD5 hash algorithm.
        using (var md5Hash = MD5.Create())
        {
            // Byte array representation of source string
            var sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);

            // Generate hash value(Byte Array) for input data
            var hashBytes = md5Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);

            // Convert hash byte array to string
            var hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", string.Empty);

            // Output the MD5 hash
            Console.WriteLine("The MD5 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
        }
    }
}

Ausgabe: Der MD5-Hash von Hello World! ist: ED076287532E86365E841E92BFC50D8C

Sicherheitsprobleme:

Wie die meisten Hash-Funktionen ist MD5 weder verschlüsselt noch verschlüsselt. Sie kann durch Brute-Force-Angriffe rückgängig gemacht werden und leidet unter erheblichen Schwachstellen gegen Kollisions- und Präimageangriffe.

SHA1

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA1 sha1Hash = SHA1.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha1Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-",String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA1 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);     
            }
        } 
    }
 }

Ausgabe:

Der SHA1-Hash von Hello Word! ist: 2EF7BDE608CE5404E97D5F042F95F89F1C232871

SHA256

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA256 sha256Hash = SHA256.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha256Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA256 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
            }
        }
    }
}

Ausgabe:

Der SHA256 Hash von Hello World! ist: 7F83B1657FF1FC53B92DC18148A1D65DFC2D4B1FA3D677284ADDD200126D9069

SHA384

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA384 sha384Hash = SHA384.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha384Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA384 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
            }
        }
    }
}

Ausgabe:

Der SHA384-Hash von Hello World! ist: BFD76C0EBBD006FEE583410547C1887B0292BE76D582D96C242D2A792723E3FD6FD061F9D5CFD13B8F961358E6ADBA4A

SHA512

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA512 sha512Hash = SHA512.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha512Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA512 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
            }
        }
    }
}

Ausgabe: Der SHA512-Hash von Hello World! ist: 861844D6704E8573FEC34D967E20BCFEF3D424CF48BE04E6DC08F2BD58C729743371015EAD891CC3CF1C9D34B49264B510751B1FF9E5374C5C5C5C5C5

PBKDF2 für Passwort-Hashing

PBKDF2 ("Passwortbasierte Schlüsselableitungsfunktion 2") ist eine der empfohlenen Hash-Funktionen für das Passwort-Hashing. Es ist Teil von RFC-2898 .

Die Rfc2898DeriveBytes Klasse von .NET basiert auf HMACSHA1.

    using System.Security.Cryptography;

    ...

    public const int SALT_SIZE = 24; // size in bytes
    public const int HASH_SIZE = 24; // size in bytes
    public const int ITERATIONS = 100000; // number of pbkdf2 iterations

    public static byte[] CreateHash(string input)
    {
        // Generate a salt
        RNGCryptoServiceProvider provider = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
        byte[] salt = new byte[SALT_SIZE];
        provider.GetBytes(salt);

        // Generate the hash
        Rfc2898DeriveBytes pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(input, salt, ITERATIONS);
        return pbkdf2.GetBytes(HASH_SIZE);
    }

PBKDF2 erfordert ein Salt und die Anzahl der Iterationen.

Iterationen:

Eine hohe Anzahl von Iterationen verlangsamt den Algorithmus, was das Cracken von Passwörtern erheblich erschwert. Daher wird eine hohe Anzahl von Iterationen empfohlen. PBKDF2 ist beispielsweise um Größenordnungen langsamer als MD5.

Salz:

Ein Salt verhindert das Nachschlagen von Hashwerten in Regenbogentabellen. Es muss zusammen mit dem Passwort-Hash gespeichert werden. Es wird ein Salz pro Kennwort (nicht ein globales Salz) empfohlen.

Komplette Passwort-Hashing-Lösung mit Pbkdf2

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

namespace YourCryptoNamespace
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Salted password hashing with PBKDF2-SHA1.
  /// Compatibility: .NET 3.0 and later.
  /// </summary>
  /// <remarks>See http://crackstation.net/hashing-security.htm for much more on password hashing.</remarks>
  public static class PasswordHashProvider
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// The salt byte size, 64 length ensures safety but could be increased / decreased
    /// </summary>
    private const int SaltByteSize = 64;
    /// <summary>
    /// The hash byte size, 
    /// </summary>
    private const int HashByteSize = 64;
    /// <summary>
    ///  High iteration count is less likely to be cracked
    /// </summary>
    private const int Pbkdf2Iterations = 10000;

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a salted PBKDF2 hash of the password.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// The salt and the hash have to be persisted side by side for the password. They could be persisted as bytes or as a string using the convenience methods in the next class to convert from byte[] to string and later back again when executing password validation.
    /// </remarks>
    /// <param name="password">The password to hash.</param>
    /// <returns>The hash of the password.</returns>
    public static PasswordHashContainer CreateHash(string password)
    {
      // Generate a random salt
      using (var csprng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
      {
        // create a unique salt for every password hash to prevent rainbow and dictionary based attacks
        var salt = new byte[SaltByteSize];
        csprng.GetBytes(salt);

        // Hash the password and encode the parameters
        var hash = Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Iterations, HashByteSize);

        return new PasswordHashContainer(hash, salt);
      }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Recreates a password hash based on the incoming password string and the stored salt
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="password">The password to check.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The salt existing.</param>
    /// <returns>the generated hash based on the password and salt</returns>
    public static byte[] CreateHash(string password, byte[] salt)
    {
      // Extract the parameters from the hash
      return Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Iterations, HashByteSize);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validates a password given a hash of the correct one.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="password">The password to check.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The existing stored salt.</param>
    /// <param name="correctHash">The hash of the existing password.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the password is correct. <c>false</c> otherwise. </returns>
    public static bool ValidatePassword(string password, byte[] salt, byte[] correctHash)
    {
      // Extract the parameters from the hash
      byte[] testHash = Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Iterations, HashByteSize);
      return CompareHashes(correctHash, testHash);
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Compares two byte arrays (hashes)
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="array1">The array1.</param>
    /// <param name="array2">The array2.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if they are the same, otherwise <c>false</c></returns>
    public static bool CompareHashes(byte[] array1, byte[] array2)
    {
      if (array1.Length != array2.Length) return false;
      return !array1.Where((t, i) => t != array2[i]).Any();
    }
  
    /// <summary>
    /// Computes the PBKDF2-SHA1 hash of a password.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="password">The password to hash.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The salt.</param>
    /// <param name="iterations">The PBKDF2 iteration count.</param>
    /// <param name="outputBytes">The length of the hash to generate, in bytes.</param>
    /// <returns>A hash of the password.</returns>
    private static byte[] Pbkdf2(string password, byte[] salt, int iterations, int outputBytes)
    {
      using (var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt))
      {
        pbkdf2.IterationCount = iterations;
        return pbkdf2.GetBytes(outputBytes);
      }
    }
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Container for password hash and salt and iterations.
  /// </summary>
  public sealed class PasswordHashContainer
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the hashed password.
    /// </summary>
    public byte[] HashedPassword { get; private set; }
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the salt.
    /// </summary>
    public byte[] Salt { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PasswordHashContainer" /> class.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="hashedPassword">The hashed password.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The salt.</param>
    public PasswordHashContainer(byte[] hashedPassword, byte[] salt)
    {
      this.HashedPassword = hashedPassword;
      this.Salt = salt;
    }
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Convenience methods for converting between hex strings and byte array.
  /// </summary>
  public static class ByteConverter
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// Converts the hex representation string to an array of bytes
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="hexedString">The hexed string.</param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static byte[] GetHexBytes(string hexedString)
    {
      var bytes = new byte[hexedString.Length / 2];
      for (var i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++)
      {
        var strPos = i * 2;
        var chars = hexedString.Substring(strPos, 2);
        bytes[i] = Convert.ToByte(chars, 16);
      }
      return bytes;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a hex string representation of the byte array passed in.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="bytes">The bytes.</param>
    public static string GetHexString(byte[] bytes)
    {
      return BitConverter.ToString(bytes).Replace("-", "").ToUpper();
    }
  }
}

/* 
 * Password Hashing With PBKDF2 (http://crackstation.net/hashing-security.htm).
 * Copyright (c) 2013, Taylor Hornby
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, 
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation 
 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" 
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE 
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR 
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF 
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS 
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN 
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

Weitere Informationen finden Sie in dieser hervorragenden Ressource Crackstation - Salted Password Hashing - Tuning Right . Ein Teil dieser Lösung (die Hash-Funktion) basierte auf dem Code dieser Site.