C# Language
Хэш-функции

замечания

MD5

Хэш-функции отображают двоичные строки произвольной длины в маленькие двоичные строки фиксированной длины.

Алгоритм MD5 является широко используемой хэш-функцией, производящей 128-битное хэш-значение (16 байтов, 32 шестнадцатеричных символа).

Метод ComputeHash класса System.Security.Cryptography.MD5 возвращает хэш как массив из 16 байтов.

Пример:

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

internal class Program
{
    private static void Main()
    {
        var source = "Hello World!";

        // Creates an instance of the default implementation of the MD5 hash algorithm.
        using (var md5Hash = MD5.Create())
        {
            // Byte array representation of source string
            var sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);

            // Generate hash value(Byte Array) for input data
            var hashBytes = md5Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);

            // Convert hash byte array to string
            var hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", string.Empty);

            // Output the MD5 hash
            Console.WriteLine("The MD5 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
        }
    }
}

Результат: хеш MD5 Hello World! это: ED076287532E86365E841E92BFC50D8C

Проблемы с безопасностью:

Как и большинство хеш-функций, MD5 не является ни шифрованием, ни кодированием. Он может быть отменен атакой грубой силы и страдает от обширных уязвимостей против атак на столкновение и прообраз.

SHA1

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA1 sha1Hash = SHA1.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha1Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-",String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA1 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);     
            }
        } 
    }
 }

Выход:

SHA1 хеш Hello Word! это: 2EF7BDE608CE5404E97D5F042F95F89F1C232871

SHA256

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA256 sha256Hash = SHA256.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha256Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA256 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
            }
        }
    }
}

Выход:

Хэш SHA256 Hello World! есть: 7F83B1657FF1FC53B92DC18148A1D65DFC2D4B1FA3D677284ADDD200126D9069

SHA384

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA384 sha384Hash = SHA384.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha384Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA384 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
            }
        }
    }
}

Выход:

Хэш SHA384 Hello World! это: BFD76C0EBBD006FEE583410547C1887B0292BE76D582D96C242D2A792723E3FD6FD061F9D5CFD13B8F961358E6ADBA4A

SHA512

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string source = "Hello World!";
            using (SHA512 sha512Hash = SHA512.Create())
            {
                //From String to byte array
                byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
                byte[] hashBytes = sha512Hash.ComputeHash(sourceBytes);
                string hash = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", String.Empty);

                Console.WriteLine("The SHA512 hash of " + source + " is: " + hash);
            }
        }
    }
}

Результат: SHA512 хеш Hello World! is: 861844D6704E8573FEC34D967E20BCFEF3D424CF48BE04E6DC08F2BD58C729743371015EAD891CC3CF1C9D34B49264B510751B1FF9E537937BC46B5D6FF4ECC8

PBKDF2 для шифрования паролей

PBKDF2 («Функция деривации ключа на основе пароля 2») является одной из рекомендуемых хеш-функций для хэширования паролей. Это часть rfc-2898 .

.NET Rfc2898DeriveBytes основан на HMACSHA1.

    using System.Security.Cryptography;

    ...

    public const int SALT_SIZE = 24; // size in bytes
    public const int HASH_SIZE = 24; // size in bytes
    public const int ITERATIONS = 100000; // number of pbkdf2 iterations

    public static byte[] CreateHash(string input)
    {
        // Generate a salt
        RNGCryptoServiceProvider provider = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
        byte[] salt = new byte[SALT_SIZE];
        provider.GetBytes(salt);

        // Generate the hash
        Rfc2898DeriveBytes pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(input, salt, ITERATIONS);
        return pbkdf2.GetBytes(HASH_SIZE);
    }

PBKDF2 требует соли и количества итераций.

Повторы:

Большое количество итераций замедлит алгоритм, что затрудняет процесс взлома паролей. Поэтому рекомендуется большое количество итераций. PBKDF2 - порядок величин медленнее, чем MD5, например.

Поваренная соль:

Соль предотвратит поиск значений хэша в радужных таблицах. Он должен храниться рядом с хэшем пароля. Рекомендуется одна соль на пароль (не одна глобальная соль).

Завершите решение для Хейшинга с помощью Pbkdf2

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

namespace YourCryptoNamespace
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Salted password hashing with PBKDF2-SHA1.
  /// Compatibility: .NET 3.0 and later.
  /// </summary>
  /// <remarks>See http://crackstation.net/hashing-security.htm for much more on password hashing.</remarks>
  public static class PasswordHashProvider
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// The salt byte size, 64 length ensures safety but could be increased / decreased
    /// </summary>
    private const int SaltByteSize = 64;
    /// <summary>
    /// The hash byte size, 
    /// </summary>
    private const int HashByteSize = 64;
    /// <summary>
    ///  High iteration count is less likely to be cracked
    /// </summary>
    private const int Pbkdf2Iterations = 10000;

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a salted PBKDF2 hash of the password.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// The salt and the hash have to be persisted side by side for the password. They could be persisted as bytes or as a string using the convenience methods in the next class to convert from byte[] to string and later back again when executing password validation.
    /// </remarks>
    /// <param name="password">The password to hash.</param>
    /// <returns>The hash of the password.</returns>
    public static PasswordHashContainer CreateHash(string password)
    {
      // Generate a random salt
      using (var csprng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
      {
        // create a unique salt for every password hash to prevent rainbow and dictionary based attacks
        var salt = new byte[SaltByteSize];
        csprng.GetBytes(salt);

        // Hash the password and encode the parameters
        var hash = Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Iterations, HashByteSize);

        return new PasswordHashContainer(hash, salt);
      }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Recreates a password hash based on the incoming password string and the stored salt
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="password">The password to check.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The salt existing.</param>
    /// <returns>the generated hash based on the password and salt</returns>
    public static byte[] CreateHash(string password, byte[] salt)
    {
      // Extract the parameters from the hash
      return Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Iterations, HashByteSize);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Validates a password given a hash of the correct one.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="password">The password to check.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The existing stored salt.</param>
    /// <param name="correctHash">The hash of the existing password.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the password is correct. <c>false</c> otherwise. </returns>
    public static bool ValidatePassword(string password, byte[] salt, byte[] correctHash)
    {
      // Extract the parameters from the hash
      byte[] testHash = Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Iterations, HashByteSize);
      return CompareHashes(correctHash, testHash);
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Compares two byte arrays (hashes)
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="array1">The array1.</param>
    /// <param name="array2">The array2.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if they are the same, otherwise <c>false</c></returns>
    public static bool CompareHashes(byte[] array1, byte[] array2)
    {
      if (array1.Length != array2.Length) return false;
      return !array1.Where((t, i) => t != array2[i]).Any();
    }
  
    /// <summary>
    /// Computes the PBKDF2-SHA1 hash of a password.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="password">The password to hash.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The salt.</param>
    /// <param name="iterations">The PBKDF2 iteration count.</param>
    /// <param name="outputBytes">The length of the hash to generate, in bytes.</param>
    /// <returns>A hash of the password.</returns>
    private static byte[] Pbkdf2(string password, byte[] salt, int iterations, int outputBytes)
    {
      using (var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt))
      {
        pbkdf2.IterationCount = iterations;
        return pbkdf2.GetBytes(outputBytes);
      }
    }
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Container for password hash and salt and iterations.
  /// </summary>
  public sealed class PasswordHashContainer
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the hashed password.
    /// </summary>
    public byte[] HashedPassword { get; private set; }
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the salt.
    /// </summary>
    public byte[] Salt { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PasswordHashContainer" /> class.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="hashedPassword">The hashed password.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The salt.</param>
    public PasswordHashContainer(byte[] hashedPassword, byte[] salt)
    {
      this.HashedPassword = hashedPassword;
      this.Salt = salt;
    }
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Convenience methods for converting between hex strings and byte array.
  /// </summary>
  public static class ByteConverter
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// Converts the hex representation string to an array of bytes
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="hexedString">The hexed string.</param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static byte[] GetHexBytes(string hexedString)
    {
      var bytes = new byte[hexedString.Length / 2];
      for (var i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++)
      {
        var strPos = i * 2;
        var chars = hexedString.Substring(strPos, 2);
        bytes[i] = Convert.ToByte(chars, 16);
      }
      return bytes;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a hex string representation of the byte array passed in.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="bytes">The bytes.</param>
    public static string GetHexString(byte[] bytes)
    {
      return BitConverter.ToString(bytes).Replace("-", "").ToUpper();
    }
  }
}

/* 
 * Password Hashing With PBKDF2 (http://crackstation.net/hashing-security.htm).
 * Copyright (c) 2013, Taylor Hornby
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, 
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation 
 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" 
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE 
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR 
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF 
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS 
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN 
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

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