POSIX => Sockets

TCP Gelijktijdige echoserver

In dit voorbeeld maken we een eenvoudige echoserver die naar de opgegeven poort luistert en nieuwe verbindingen kan verwerken:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <time.h>

/**
  Connection handler - this will be executed in
  the new process, after forking, and it will read
  all the data from the socket, while available and
  to echo it on the local terminal.

  Params:
    sd = socket to the client
*/
#define BUF_SIZE (1024)

int echo_client(int sd) 
{
    int result = 0; 

    char buf[BUF_SIZE + 1] = {0};

    ssize_t n_read;
    while (0 < (n_read = read(sd, buf, BUF_SIZE))) 
    {
        buf[n_read] = '\0';
        printf("%s\n", buf);
    }

    if (0 > n_read)
    {
      perror("read() failed");
      result = -1;
    }
    else
    {
      fprintf(stderr, "The other side orderly shut down the connection.\n");
    }

    close(sd);

    return result;
}


int main(void)
{
    // Create a listening socket
    int listening_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
    if (listening_socket == -1)
    {
        perror("socket() failed");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    // Bind it to port 15000.
    unsigned short listening_port = 15000;

    struct sockaddr_in addr = {0};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(listening_port);

    socklen_t sock_len = sizeof(addr);

    if (0 > (bind(listening_socket, (const struct sockaddr*) &addr, sock_len)))
    {
        perror("bind() failed");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    // Start listening
    if (0 > listen(listening_socket, 0))
    {
        perror("listen() failed");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    // Accept new connections, fork the new process for handling
    // and handle the connection in the new process, while the parent
    // is waiting for another connection to arrive.
    int accepted_socket = 0;
    while (0 < (accepted_socket =
                  accept(listening_socket, (struct sockaddr*) &addr, &sock_len)))
    {
        pid_t pid_child = fork();

        if (0 > pid_child)
        {
            perror("fork() failed");
            return EXIT_FAILURE;
        }
        else if (0 == pid_child)
        {
            // inside the forked child here
            close(listening_socket); // The child does not need this any more. 

            echo_client(accepted_socket);

            return EXIT_SUCCESS;
        }

        // Inside parent process, since file descriptors are reference
        // counted, we need to close the client socket
        close(accepted_socket);
    }

    if (0 > accepted_socket)
    {
        perror("accept() failed");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

TCP keepalive aan serverzijde inschakelen

Dit is een client-server-voorbeeld. Het proces forks en draait client in het bovenliggende proces en server in het onderliggende proces:

client maakt verbinding met de server en wacht tot de server wordt afgesloten;
server accepteert verbinding van client, maakt bewaring mogelijk en wacht op elk signaal.

Keepalive wordt geconfigureerd met de volgende opties die worden beschreven in de man-pagina's van socket(7) en tcp(7) :

SO_KEEPALIVE - maakt het verzenden van keep-alive-berichten mogelijk
TCP_KEEPIDLE - de tijd (in seconden) dat de verbinding inactief moet blijven voordat TCP keepalive-sondes begint te verzenden
TCP_KEEPINTVL - de tijd (in seconden) tussen individuele keepalive-sondes
TCP_KEEPCNT - het maximale aantal keepalive-sondes dat TCP moet verzenden voordat de verbinding wordt TCP_KEEPCNT

Broncode:

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/signal.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>

#define check(expr) if (!(expr)) { perror(#expr); kill(0, SIGTERM); }

void enable_keepalive(int sock) {
    int yes = 1;
    check(setsockopt(
        sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, &yes, sizeof(int)) != -1);

    int idle = 1;
    check(setsockopt(
        sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPIDLE, &idle, sizeof(int)) != -1);

    int interval = 1;
    check(setsockopt(
        sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPINTVL, &interval, sizeof(int)) != -1);

    int maxpkt = 10;
    check(setsockopt(
        sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPCNT, &maxpkt, sizeof(int)) != -1);
}

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    check(argc == 2);

    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(12345);
    check(inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &addr.sin_addr) != -1);

    int server = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
    check(server != -1);

    int yes = 1;
    check(setsockopt(server, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &yes, sizeof(int)) != -1);

    check(bind(server, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)) != -1);
    check(listen(server, 1) != -1);

    if (fork() == 0) {
        int client = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
        check(client != -1);
        check(connect(client, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)) != -1);
        printf("connected\n");
        pause();
    }
    else {
        int client = accept(server, NULL, NULL);
        check(client != -1);
        enable_keepalive(client);
        printf("accepted\n");
        wait(NULL);
    }

    return 0;
}

Keepalive-pakketten kunnen worden gecontroleerd met behulp van tcpdump .

Voorbeeld gebruik:

$ ./a.out 127.0.0.1 &
[1] 14010
connected
accepted

$ tcpdump -n -c4 -ilo port 12345
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on lo, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
18:00:35.173892 IP 127.0.0.1.12345 > 127.0.0.1.60998: Flags [.], ack 510307430, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 389745775 ecr 389745675], length 0
18:00:35.173903 IP 127.0.0.1.60998 > 127.0.0.1.12345: Flags [.], ack 1, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 389745775 ecr 389745075], length 0
18:00:36.173886 IP 127.0.0.1.12345 > 127.0.0.1.60998: Flags [.], ack 1, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 389745875 ecr 389745775], length 0
18:00:36.173898 IP 127.0.0.1.60998 > 127.0.0.1.12345: Flags [.], ack 1, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 389745875 ecr 389745075], length 0
4 packets captured
8 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

TCP Iterative Server overdag

Dit is een overdag iteratieve TCP-server die zo eenvoudig mogelijk wordt gehouden.

#include <sys/types.h>   /* predefined types */ 
#include <unistd.h>      /* unix standard library */ 
#include <arpa/inet.h>   /* IP addresses conversion utilities */ 
#include <netinet/in.h>  /* sockaddr_in structure definition */
#include <sys/socket.h>  /* berkley socket library */ 
#include <stdio.h>       /* standard I/O library */ 
#include <string.h>      /* include to have memset */ 
#include <stdlib.h>      /* include to have exit */ 
#include <time.h>        /* time manipulation primitives */
 
#define MAXLINE 80 
#define BACKLOG 10 
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 
{  
    int list_fd, conn_fd;  
    struct sockaddr_in serv_add; 
    char buffer[MAXLINE]; 
    time_t timeval; 
 
    /* socket creation third parameter should be IPPROTO_TCP but 0 is an
     * accepted value */  
    list_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
         
    /* address initialization */ 
    memset(&serv_add, 0, sizeof(serv_add));        /* init the server address */ 
    serv_add.sin_family = AF_INET;                 /* address type is IPV4 */ 
    serv_add.sin_port = htons(13);                 /* daytime port is 13 */ 
    serv_add.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);  /* connect from anywhere */ 
     
    /* bind socket */ 
    bind(list_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_add, sizeof(serv_add));
        
    /* listen on socket */ 
    listen(list_fd, BACKLOG);

    while (1) 
    { 
        /* accept connection */ 
        conn_fd = accept(list_fd, (struct sockaddr *) NULL, NULL);
           
        timeval = time(NULL); 
        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%.24s\r\n", ctime(&timeval)); 
         
        write(conn_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer)); /* write daytime to client */ 
         
        close(conn_fd); 
    } 
     
    /* normal exit */ 
    close(list_fd); 
    exit(0); 
}

TCP Daytime Client

Dit is een TCP-dagclient die zo eenvoudig mogelijk wordt gehouden.

#include <unistd.h>      /* unix standard library */
#include <arpa/inet.h>   /* IP addresses manipulation utilities */
#include <netinet/in.h>  /* sockaddr_in structure definition */
#include <sys/socket.h>  /* berkley socket library */
#include <stdio.h>       /* standard I/O library */
#include <string.h>      /* include to have memset*/
#include <stdlib.h>      /* include to have exit*/

#define MAXLINE 1024

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int sock_fd;
    int nread;
    struct sockaddr_in serv_add;
    char buffer[MAXLINE];

    /* socket creation third parameter should be IPPROTO_TCP but 0 is an
     * accepted value*/
    sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

    /* address initialization */
    memset(&serv_add, 0, sizeof(serv_add));     /* init the server address */
    serv_add.sin_family = AF_INET;              /* address type is IPV4 */
    serv_add.sin_port = htons(13);              /* daytime post is 13 */

    /* using inet_pton to build address */
    inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &serv_add.sin_addr);

    /* connect to the server */
    connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_add, sizeof(serv_add));

    /* read daytime from server */
    while ((nread = read(sock_fd, buffer, MAXLINE)) > 0)
    {
        buffer[nread] = 0;
        if (fputs(buffer, stdout) == EOF)
        {
            perror("fputs error"); /* write daytime on stdout */
            return -1;
        }
    }

    close(sock_fd);
    exit(0);
}

Socket basics

Er zijn vier soorten sockets beschikbaar in POSIX API: TCP, UDP, UNIX en (optioneel) RAW. Unix-domeinsockets kunnen fungeren als streamsockets of als datagramsockets.

Enkele eindpunttypen:

struct sockaddr - universeel type eindpunt. Gewoonlijk worden andere concrete eindpunttypen alleen in posix-oproepen naar dit type geconverteerd.
struct sockaddr_in - IPv4-eindpunt

struct sockaddr_in {
    sa_family_t sin_family;
    in_port_t sin_port;            /* Port number.  */
    struct in_addr sin_addr;       /* Internet address.  */
};
struct in_addr {
    in_addr_t s_addr;
};

struct sockaddr_in6 - IPv6-eindpunt

struct sockaddr_in6 {
    sa_family_t sin6_family;
    in_port_t sin6_port;    /* Transport layer port # */
    uint32_t sin6_flowinfo;    /* IPv6 flow information */
    struct in6_addr sin6_addr;    /* IPv6 address */
    uint32_t sin6_scope_id;    /* IPv6 scope-id */
};

struct sockaddr_un .

struct sockaddr_un {
    sa_family_t sun_family;               /* AF_UNIX */
    char        sun_path[108];            /* pathname */
};

Volledig programma

#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define DESIRED_ADDRESS "127.0.0.1"
#define DESIRED_PORT 3500
#define BUFSIZE 512

int main()
{
    // ADDRESS PART
    // MAIN PART
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

IPv4-eindpunt maken

struct sockaddr_in addr = {0};
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(DESIRED_PORT); /*converts short to
                                       short with network byte order*/
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(DESIRED_ADDRESS);

TCP-serverfragment

int sock = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
if (sock == -1) {
    perror("Socket creation error");
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1) {
    perror("Bind error");
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

if (listen(sock, 1/*length of connections queue*/) == -1) {
    perror("Listen error");
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

socklen_t socklen = sizeof addr;
int client_sock = accept(sock, &addr, &socklen); /* 2nd and 3rd argument may be NULL. */
if (client_sock == -1) {
    perror("Accept error");
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

printf("Client with IP %s connected\n", inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr));

char buf[BUFSIZE];
if (send(sock, "hello", 5, 0) == -1) {
    perror("Send error");
    close(client_sock);
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

ssize_t readden = recv(sock, buf, BUFSIZE, 0);
if (readden < 0) {
    perror("Receive error");
    close(client_sock);
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
else if (readden == 0) {
  fprintf(stderr, "Client orderly shut down the connection.\n");
}
else {readden > 0) {
    if (readden < BUFSIZE)
    {
      fprintf(stderr, "Received less bytes (%zd) then requested (%d).\n", 
        readden, BUFSIZE);
    }

    write (STDOUT_FILENO, buf, readden);
}

TCP-clientfragment

int sock = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
if (sock == -1) {
    perror("Socket creation error");
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1) {
    perror("Connection error");
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

char buf[BUFSIZE];
if (send(sock, "hello", 5, 0); /*write may be also used*/ == -1) {
    perror("Send error");
    close(client_sock);
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

ssize_t readden = recv(sock, buf, BUFSIZE, 0); /*read may be also used*/
if (readden < 0) {
    perror("Receive error");
    close(client_sock);
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
else if (readden == 0)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Client orderly shut down the connection.\n");
}
else /* if (readden > 0) */ {
    if (readden < BUFSIZE)
    {
      fprintf(stderr, "Received less bytes (%zd) then requested (%d).\n", 
        readden, BUFSIZE);
    }

    write (STDOUT_FILENO, buf, readden);
}

UDP-serverfragment

int sock = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
if (sock == -1) {
    perror("Socket creation error");
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1) {
    perror("Bind error");
    close(sock);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

char buf[BUFSIZE];
ssize_t readden = recvfrom(sock, buf, BUFSIZE, 0, &addr, sizeof(addr));
if (readden > 0) {
    printf("Client with IP %s sent datagram\n", inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr));
    write (STDOUT_FILENO, buf, readden);
}
sendto(sock, "hello", 5, 0, &addr, sizeof(addr));

Aansluitingen op een blokkeermof accepteren

Een AC-programma dat netwerkverbindingen wil accepteren (fungeert als een "server") moet eerst een socket maken die is gebonden aan het adres "INADDR_ANY" en hiernaar listen aanroepen. Vervolgens kan het accept op de serveraansluiting blokkeren om een client te verbinden.

//Create the server socket
int servsock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(servsock < 0) perror("Failed to create a socket");

int enable = 1;
setsockopt(servsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*)&enable, sizeof(int));

//Bind to "any" address with a specific port to listen on that port
int port = 12345;
sockaddr_in serv_addr;
memset(&serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(port);

if(bind(servsock, (sockaddr*)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
    perror("Error binding to socket");

listen(servsock, 5);

//Accept a client
struct sockaddr_storage client_addr_info;
socklen_t len = sizeof client_addr_info;

int clientsock = accept(servsock, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr_info, &len);

//Now you can call read, write, etc. on the client socket

De structuur sockaddr_storage die wordt doorgegeven om te accept kan worden gebruikt om informatie op te halen over de client die is verbonden. Hier ziet u bijvoorbeeld hoe u het IP-adres van de client kunt bepalen:

char client_ip_str[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN + 1];
if(client_addr_info.ss_family == AF_INET) {
    // Client has an IPv4 address
    struct sockaddr_in *s = (struct sockaddr_in *)&client_addr_info;
    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &s->sin_addr, client_ip_str, sizeof(client_ip_str));
} else {  // AF_INET6
    // Client has an IPv6 address
    struct sockaddr_in6 *s = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)&client_addr_info;
    inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &s->sin6_addr, client_ip_str, sizeof(client_ip_str));
}

Verbinding maken met een externe host

POSIX.1-2008

Gegeven de naam van een server als een string, char* servername en een poortnummer, int port , maakt en opent de volgende code een socket verbonden met die server. De "naam" van de server kan een DNS-naam zijn, zoals "www.stackoverflow.com", of een IP-adres in standaardnotatie, zoals "192.30.253.113"; beide invoerformaten zijn geldig voor gethostbyname (die was verwijderd uit POSIX.1-2008 ).

char * server = "www.example.com";

int sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(sock < 0) 
  perror("Failed to create a socket");

hostent *server = gethostbyname(servername);
if (server == NULL) 
  perror("Host lookup failed");

char server_ip_str[server->h_length];
inet_ntop(AF_INET, server->h_addr, server_ip_str, server->h_length);

sockaddr_in serv_addr;
memset(&serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
memcpy(&serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr, server->h_addr, server->h_length);

if (connect(sock, (sockaddr*)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
    perror("Failed to connect");

// Now you can call read, write, etc. on the socket.

close(sock);

Lezen en schrijven op een blokkeerbus

Zelfs wanneer sockets in de "blokkeermodus" zijn, read en write bewerkingen daarop niet noodzakelijk alle gegevens die beschikbaar zijn om te worden gelezen of geschreven. Om een volledige buffer in een socket te schrijven of een bekende hoeveelheid gegevens uit een socket te lezen, moeten ze in een lus worden aangeroepen.

/*
 * Writes all bytes from buffer into sock. Returns true on success, false on failure.
 */
bool write_to_socket(int sock, const char* buffer, size_t size) {
    size_t total_bytes = 0;
    while(total_bytes < size) {
        ssize_t bytes_written = write(sock, buffer + total_bytes, size - total_bytes);
        if(bytes_written >= 0) {
            total_bytes += bytes_written;
        } else if(bytes_written == -1 && errno != EINTR) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/*
 * Reads size bytes from sock into buffer. Returns true on success; false if
 * the socket returns EOF before size bytes can be read, or if there is an
 * error while reading.
 */
bool read_from_socket(int sock, char* buffer, size_t size) {
    size_t total_bytes = 0;
    while(total_bytes < size) {
        ssize_t new_bytes = read(sock, buffer + total_bytes, size - total_bytes);
        if(new_bytes > 0) {
            total_bytes += new_bytes;
        } else if(new_bytes == 0 || (new_bytes == -1 && errno != EINTR)) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

Modified text is an extract of the original Stack Overflow Documentation

Licentie onder CC BY-SA 3.0

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POSIX
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