Java Language
RSA暗号化

OAEPとGCMからなるハイブリッド暗号を用いた例

次の例では、AES GCMとOAEPで構成されるハイブリッド暗号を使用して、デフォルトのパラメータサイズと128ビットのAESキーサイズを使用してデータを暗号化しています。

OAEPはPKCS＃1 v1.5のパディングよりもパッディング・オラクル攻撃の影響を受けにくいです。 GCMはパッディング・オラクル攻撃からも保護されます。

復号化は、カプセル化されたキーの長さを最初に取得し、次にカプセル化されたキーを検索することによって実行できます。カプセル化された鍵は、公開鍵と鍵ペアを形成するRSA秘密鍵を使用して復号化することができます。その後、AES / GCMで暗号化された暗号文を元の平文に解読することができます。

このプロトコルは、

1. ラップされたキーの長さフィールド（ RSAPrivateKeyはgetKeySize()メソッドを逃す）。
2. ラップされた/カプセル化されたキー（RSAキーサイズと同じサイズ）
3. GCM暗号文と128ビット認証タグ（Javaによって自動的に追加されます）。

ノート：

• このコードを正しく使用するには、少なくとも2048ビットのRSAキーを提供する必要がありますが、大きい方が良いですが（特に暗号化中は遅くなります）。
• AES-256を使用するには、まず無制限の暗号化ポリシーファイルをインストールする必要があります 。
• 独自のプロトコルを作成する代わりに、代わりにCryptographic Message Syntax（CMS / PKCS＃7）やPGPなどのコンテナ形式を使用することもできます。

ここに例があります：

/**
 * Encrypts the data using a hybrid crypto-system which uses GCM to encrypt the data and OAEP to encrypt the AES key.
 * The key size of the AES encryption will be 128 bit.
 * All the default parameter choices are used for OAEP and GCM.
 * 
 * @param publicKey the RSA public key used to wrap the AES key
 * @param plaintext the plaintext to be encrypted, not altered
 * @return the ciphertext
 * @throws InvalidKeyException if the key is not an RSA public key
 * @throws NullPointerException if the plaintext is null
 */
public static byte[] encryptData(PublicKey publicKey, byte[] plaintext)
        throws InvalidKeyException, NullPointerException {

    // --- create the RSA OAEP cipher ---

    Cipher oaep;
    try {
        // SHA-1 is the default and not vulnerable in this setting
        // use OAEPParameterSpec to configure more than just the hash
        oaep = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/OAEPwithSHA1andMGF1Padding");
    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for RSA cipher (mandatory algorithm for runtimes)", e);
    } catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for OAEP padding (present in the standard Java runtime sinze XX)", e);
    }
    oaep.init(Cipher.WRAP_MODE, publicKey);

    // --- wrap the plaintext in a buffer
    
    // will throw NullPointerException if plaintext is null
    ByteBuffer plaintextBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(plaintext);

    // --- generate a new AES secret key ---

    KeyGenerator aesKeyGenerator;
    try {
        aesKeyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance("AES");
    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for AES key generator (mandatory algorithm for runtimes)", e);
    }
    // for AES-192 and 256 make sure you've got the rights (install the
    // Unlimited Crypto Policy files)
    aesKeyGenerator.init(128);
    SecretKey aesKey = aesKeyGenerator.generateKey();
    
    // --- wrap the new AES secret key ---
    
    byte[] wrappedKey;
    try {
        wrappedKey = oaep.wrap(aesKey);
    } catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "AES key should always fit OAEP with normal sized RSA key", e);
    }

    // --- setup the AES GCM cipher mode ---
    
    Cipher aesGCM;
    try {
        aesGCM = Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/Nopadding");
        // we can get away with a zero nonce since the key is randomly generated
        // 128 bits is the recommended (maximum) value for the tag size
        // 12 bytes (96 bits) is the default nonce size for GCM mode encryption
        GCMParameterSpec staticParameterSpec = new GCMParameterSpec(128, new byte[12]);
        aesGCM.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, aesKey, staticParameterSpec);
    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for AES cipher (mandatory algorithm for runtimes)", e);
    } catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for GCM (present in the standard Java runtime sinze XX)", e);
    } catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "IvParameterSpec not accepted by this implementation of GCM", e);
    }

    // --- create a buffer of the right size for our own protocol ---
    
    ByteBuffer ciphertextBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(
            Short.BYTES
            + oaep.getOutputSize(128 / Byte.SIZE)
            + aesGCM.getOutputSize(plaintext.length));
    
    // - element 1: make sure that we know the size of the wrapped key
    ciphertextBuffer.putShort((short) wrappedKey.length);
    
    // - element 2: put in the wrapped key
    ciphertextBuffer.put(wrappedKey);

    // - element 3: GCM encrypt into buffer
    try {
        aesGCM.doFinal(plaintextBuffer, ciphertextBuffer);
    } catch (ShortBufferException | IllegalBlockSizeException | BadPaddingException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Cryptographic exception, AES/GCM encryption should not fail here", e);
    }

    return ciphertextBuffer.array();
}

もちろん、暗号化は復号化なしではそれほど有用ではありません。解読が失敗した場合、これは最小限の情報を返すことに注意してください。

/**
 * Decrypts the data using a hybrid crypto-system which uses GCM to encrypt
 * the data and OAEP to encrypt the AES key. All the default parameter
 * choices are used for OAEP and GCM.
 * 
 * @param privateKey
 *            the RSA private key used to unwrap the AES key
 * @param ciphertext
 *            the ciphertext to be encrypted, not altered
 * @return the plaintext
 * @throws InvalidKeyException
 *             if the key is not an RSA private key
 * @throws NullPointerException
 *             if the ciphertext is null
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 *             with the message "Invalid ciphertext" if the ciphertext is invalid (minimize information leakage)
 */
public static byte[] decryptData(PrivateKey privateKey, byte[] ciphertext)
        throws InvalidKeyException, NullPointerException {

    // --- create the RSA OAEP cipher ---

    Cipher oaep;
    try {
        // SHA-1 is the default and not vulnerable in this setting
        // use OAEPParameterSpec to configure more than just the hash
        oaep = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/OAEPwithSHA1andMGF1Padding");
    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for RSA cipher (mandatory algorithm for runtimes)",
                e);
    } catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for OAEP padding (present in the standard Java runtime sinze XX)",
                e);
    }
    oaep.init(Cipher.UNWRAP_MODE, privateKey);

    // --- wrap the ciphertext in a buffer

    // will throw NullPointerException if ciphertext is null
    ByteBuffer ciphertextBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(ciphertext);

    // sanity check #1
    if (ciphertextBuffer.remaining() < 2) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ciphertext");
    }
    // - element 1: the length of the encapsulated key
    int wrappedKeySize = ciphertextBuffer.getShort() & 0xFFFF;
    // sanity check #2
    if (ciphertextBuffer.remaining() < wrappedKeySize + 128 / Byte.SIZE) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ciphertext");
    }

    // --- unwrap the AES secret key ---

    byte[] wrappedKey = new byte[wrappedKeySize];
    // - element 2: the encapsulated key
    ciphertextBuffer.get(wrappedKey);
    SecretKey aesKey;
    try {
        aesKey = (SecretKey) oaep.unwrap(wrappedKey, "AES",
                Cipher.SECRET_KEY);
    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for AES cipher (mandatory algorithm for runtimes)",
                e);
    } catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Invalid ciphertext");
    }

    // --- setup the AES GCM cipher mode ---

    Cipher aesGCM;
    try {
        aesGCM = Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/Nopadding");
        // we can get away with a zero nonce since the key is randomly
        // generated
        // 128 bits is the recommended (maximum) value for the tag size
        // 12 bytes (96 bits) is the default nonce size for GCM mode
        // encryption
        GCMParameterSpec staticParameterSpec = new GCMParameterSpec(128,
                new byte[12]);
        aesGCM.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, aesKey, staticParameterSpec);
    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for AES cipher (mandatory algorithm for runtimes)",
                e);
    } catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Runtime doesn't have support for GCM (present in the standard Java runtime sinze XX)",
                e);
    } catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "IvParameterSpec not accepted by this implementation of GCM",
                e);
    }

    // --- create a buffer of the right size for our own protocol ---

    ByteBuffer plaintextBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(aesGCM
            .getOutputSize(ciphertextBuffer.remaining()));

    // - element 3: GCM ciphertext
    try {
        aesGCM.doFinal(ciphertextBuffer, plaintextBuffer);
    } catch (ShortBufferException | IllegalBlockSizeException
            | BadPaddingException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
                "Invalid ciphertext");
    }

    return plaintextBuffer.array();
}